🔼TAG QUESTIONS🔽

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The tag questions are small sentences or questions (mini-questions) that are placed at the end of an affirmative or negative sentence and that are generally intended to confirm or deny the content of the sentence itself.

Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not').

➽ Grammatical Rules.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR
1.	Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares.
2.	Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.
3.	Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO.

➔ You speak Spanish, don't you?
(Con esta pregunta indico que pienso que hablas español pero quiero confirmar que es asi.)

To form a "tag question" you start with the sentence that you think is true ("You speak Spanish" in the example above). The "tag" (the part of the sentence that makes it a question) is formed using an auxiliary verb in the negative if the sentence was affirmative or an auxiliary verb in the affirmative if the sentence was negative. See the examples in the table below.

Oraciones Afirmativas  (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es negativo.)	Oraciones Negativas  (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es afirmativo.)
To be
You're a teacher, aren't you?	You aren't a teacher, are you?
He's tired, isn't he?	He isn't tired, is he?
Tiempo Presente
You speak English, don't you?	You don't speak English, do you?
He swims, doesn't he?	He doesn't swim, does he?
Tiempo Pasado
He went to school, didn't he?	He didn't go to school, did he?
Presente Perfecto
You have finished, haven't you?	You haven't finished, have you?
He has left, hasn't he?	He hasn't left, has he?
Futuro
She will cook, won't she?	She won't cook, will she?

➡ Examples.

Afirmative: 

• Your brother is older than you, isn’t he?
• You can help me, can’t you?
• John is getting married, isn’t he?
• You worked yesterday, didn’t you?
• Sarah likes ice cream, doesn’t she?

Negative:

• You’re not from here, are you?
• Kate’s not American, is she?
• Peter never liked Susan, did he?
• They didn’t go to class yesterday, did they?
• You can’t dance, can you?

🔼MODALS OF DEDUCTION🔽

 (MUST,CAN´T,MIGHT/MAY/COULD)

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Modal verbs must, can't, might / may / could be used to express certainty, probability or impossibility

We use modal verbs to say how sure we are about something.

Modal of deduction:	Se usa cuando:
Must	Se tiene seguridad de que lo dicho es cierto.
Might, May, Could	No se sabe en realidad si lo dicho es cierto  (Pero es posible).
Can’t	Se está casi seguro de que lo dicho NO es posible.

➽ Must.

We use must when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence.

• He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. We don’t know where he lives but we’re sure it’s not far away.
• Come inside and get warm – you must be freezing out there.
• You’re a zookeeper? That must be very interesting.

Notice that must is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

➽ Might, May, Could

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we’re not sure.

• Did you hear that? I think there might be a burglar downstairs. She’s not sure there’s a burglar but she thinks it’s possible.
• We’ll try to get there early but we may arrive late if there’s a lot of traffic.
• Don’t put it up there. It could fall off and hit someone.

Might, may and could are also followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

➽ Can’t

We use can’t when we feel sure something is not true.

• It can’t be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. He doesn’t know it’s not a burglar but he feels sure it’s not.
• It can’t be far away now. We’ve been driving for hours. Where’s the map?
• Really? He has to work on Christmas Day? He can’t feel very happy about that.

Like the other verbs, can’t is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

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🔼THIRD CONDITIONAL🔽

⏭ Function:

We use the third conditional to talk about unreal situations in the past.

We can use could or might/may instead of would in the result clause to talk about results that were possible in the past.

⏭ Form: 

If- cláusula	Resultado	Ejemplos
If + past perfect	Would, could, might/may + have + past participle	⥁  If you had gotten up earlier, you wouldn´t have missed the train. ⥀ I would have studied history if had gone to college. ⥀ If he had studied history, he might have become a teacher.
We use a comma when the if clause is at the beginning of the sentence.		⥀  If I had found a job near my hometown, I wouldn´t have moved to Boston. ⥀  I wouldn’t have moved to Boston if I had found a job near my hometown.

⏭ Examples:

1. If you had gotten up earlier, you would not have missed the train.

2. I would have a history of studies if i had gone to collage.

3. If he had studied history, he could have become a teacher.

We use an eat when the if clause is at the beginning of the sentence.

⏭ Examples:

1. If i had found a job near my hometown, i would not have moved to boston.

2. I would not have moved to boston if i had found a job near my hometown

🔼Reported Speech🔽

The Reported Speech or the so-called "indirect style" is a structure used when we want to mention something that someone has previously said.

Function: "We use reported speech to repeat what someone said without using their exact words."

➽ But before we start with the examples and give more clarity to the matter, there are some words we must learn before using the indirect style, since these are used when we want to use the indirect style.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Now	Then, at that momento
Today / Tonight	That day / That night
This morning	That Morning
Yesterday	The day before, the previous day
Tomorrow	The following day, the next day
Last month	The month before, the previous month
Last week	The week before
Here	There
Ago	Before

➽ Well, now we are going to see how it is done, because there is an important part when passing from the direct to the indirect style, and that is the verb tense. Depending on which verb tense we choose, the indirect style must carry one or the other.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present simple: “I eat hamburgers every day.”	Past simple: He said (that) he ate hamburgers every day.
Present continuous: “I am reading a book.”	Past Continuous: He said (that) he was reading a book.
Past simple: “I bought a new laptop.”	Past perfect: He said (that) he had bought a new laptop.
Past continuous: “I was playing tennis at 11 o´clock”.	Past Perfect Continuous: He said (that) he had been playing tennis at 11 o´clock.
Present Perfect: “I have finished my homework.”	Past Perfect: He said (that) he had finished his homework.
Past Perfect: “I had studied English for years.”	Past Perfect: He said (that) he had studied English for years.
Future (Will): “I will go and buy some food.”	Conditional (Would): He said (that) he would go and buy some food.
Future (Going to): “I am going to travel a lot.”	Was / were going to: He said (that) he was going totravel a lot.
Modal verbs: “I can play the piano very well.” “I must go home.”	He said (that) he could play the piano very well. He said (that) he had to go home.

➽ We already know the changes that occur in verb forms (and modal verbs) when using one or another form. Then we see that the structure also changes a little when referring to time, place and questions. And thanks to the words that I said that you had to memorize before, making this kind of indirect style will be easier.

• Let's see it better with some examples:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
“They live here”. He said.	He said (that) they lived there.
Alberto: “I don´t want to go now.”	Alberto said (that) he didn´t want to go then.
Jaime: “I started to work today.”	Jaime said (that) he had started to work that day.
Maria: “I wanted to go out yesterday.”	Maria said (that) she had wanted to go out last night.
Felicity: “I´m going to go to Spain next week.”	Felicity said (that) she was going to Spain the following week.