🔼VERB + GERUND/INFINITIVE🔽

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➔ Function:

The gerund and the infinitive are forms of the verbs that act as names. The gerund is formed with "-ing" (walking, eating, etc.). As we have seen in the lesson on verbs, the infinitive is formed with the preposition "to" (to walk, to eat, etc.).



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➔ Grammar:
Grammatical Rules. When a verb follows another verb, we always need to use the infinitive or the gerund. Normally we use the infinitive after some verbs and the gerund after others. There are also verbs with which we can use the gerund or the infinitive.


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➔ Structure: 

	EJEMPLOS	OTROS VERBOS
Verbo+gerundio	1.- Isobel usually avoids driving downtown. 2.- I finished reading that novel.	Admit, avoid, deny, dislike, finish.
Verbo+infinitivo	1.- Did you manage to find the song on the internet? 2.- We offered to make some coffe for them.	Agree, help, invite, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem.
Verbo+gerundio/infinitivo	1.- I like going out. 2.- I like go out every now and then.	Hate, like, love, prefer.

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➔ Examples:

Here are some of the most common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund.

1.- Enjoy: I enjoyed living in France.

2.- Fancy: I fancy seeing a film tonight.

3.- Discuss: We discussed going on holiday together.

4.- Dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.

5.- Finish: We've finished preparing for the meeting.

6.- Mind: I don't mind coming early.

7.- Suggest: He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel.

8.- Recommend: They recommended meeting earlier.

9.- Keep: He kept working, although he felt ill.

10.- Avoid: She avoided talking to her boss.

And here are some common verbs followed by 'to' and the infinitive.

1.- Agree: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.

2.- Ask*: I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early.

3.- Decide: We decided to go out for dinner.

4.- Help*: He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen.

5.- Plan: She plans to buy a new flat next year.

6.- Hope: I hope to pass the exam.

7.- Learn: They are learning to sing.

8.- Want*: I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party.

9.- Would like*: I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight.

10.- Promise: We promised not to be late

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➔ Exercices:

Complete the sentences with the verb in the parentheses in the correct form (gerund or infinitive).

    1. He admitted _________ (copy) the story from another book.

    2. Have you finished _________ (read) that book I read you yet?

    3. I thought the story seemed _________ (end) suddenly.

   4. Traditional stories sometimes teach people _________ (behave) in the right way.

    5. Why do so many young people dislike __________ (write)?

    6. I hope _________ (become) a full-time writer by the time I'm 30.

    7. My parents advised my sister ________ (take) that job.

    8. I want to avoid _________ full-time for as long as possible.

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🔼RELATIVE CLAUSES🔽

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➔ Function: 

Relatives clauses are phrases that are attached to a main clause and serve to give information about a person, object or place that was previously mentioned in the main clause.

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➔ Grammar:

In grammar these are: who, which, where, where, whom, whose, where, when, why.

Relative pronouns or adverbs refer to the person, object or place of the main sentence (what is known as antecedent) and replace it.

Relative clauses	Significado	Información
Who	¿Quién?	Personas
Where	¿Donde?	Lugares
When	¿Cuando?	Momentos/Tiempo
Which/That	¿Cual/Que?	Cosas y/o objetos

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➔ Structure: 

The relative clauses are equivalent to adjectival subordinate clauses and, therefore, we must differentiate between:

1. Adjective subordinate clauses (defining relative clauses)

2. Explanatory adjectival subordinate clauses (non-defining relative clauses)

Relative clauses:	Examples:
Who	I thanked the person who found my wallet this morning on the subway.
Where	The best time to call him is when the finishes his meeting at 10:30 a.m.
When	The Blue Lounge was place where I used to meet my friends.
Which/That	I think it was a trip to Paris that made me want to learn French.

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➔ Examples:  

1.- I like the woman who lives next door.

(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean).

2.- Live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information).

3.- Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?

4.-Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?

5.-A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.

6.-I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.

7.-Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong

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➔ Exercices:

Complete the following sentences with: which / that, who, when or where.

     1.- A web designer is a person _____ can make your website look more professional.

     2.- It's a technique ______ helps you learn more effectively.

     3.- A good time to do brain training is _____ you feel relaxed.

     4.- It was my brother ______ used to take us swimming every Sunday.

     5.- We got married at place _____ we first met.

     6.- I'm going to choose a course _____ I'm really interested.

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🔼TAG QUESTIONS🔽

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The tag questions are small sentences or questions (mini-questions) that are placed at the end of an affirmative or negative sentence and that are generally intended to confirm or deny the content of the sentence itself.

Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not').

➽ Grammatical Rules.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR
1.	Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares.
2.	Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.
3.	Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO.

➔ You speak Spanish, don't you?
(Con esta pregunta indico que pienso que hablas español pero quiero confirmar que es asi.)

To form a "tag question" you start with the sentence that you think is true ("You speak Spanish" in the example above). The "tag" (the part of the sentence that makes it a question) is formed using an auxiliary verb in the negative if the sentence was affirmative or an auxiliary verb in the affirmative if the sentence was negative. See the examples in the table below.

Oraciones Afirmativas  (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es negativo.)	Oraciones Negativas  (El verbo auxiliar en el "tag" es afirmativo.)
To be
You're a teacher, aren't you?	You aren't a teacher, are you?
He's tired, isn't he?	He isn't tired, is he?
Tiempo Presente
You speak English, don't you?	You don't speak English, do you?
He swims, doesn't he?	He doesn't swim, does he?
Tiempo Pasado
He went to school, didn't he?	He didn't go to school, did he?
Presente Perfecto
You have finished, haven't you?	You haven't finished, have you?
He has left, hasn't he?	He hasn't left, has he?
Futuro
She will cook, won't she?	She won't cook, will she?

➡ Examples.

Afirmative: 

• Your brother is older than you, isn’t he?
• You can help me, can’t you?
• John is getting married, isn’t he?
• You worked yesterday, didn’t you?
• Sarah likes ice cream, doesn’t she?

Negative:

• You’re not from here, are you?
• Kate’s not American, is she?
• Peter never liked Susan, did he?
• They didn’t go to class yesterday, did they?
• You can’t dance, can you?

🔼MODALS OF DEDUCTION🔽

 (MUST,CAN´T,MIGHT/MAY/COULD)

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Modal verbs must, can't, might / may / could be used to express certainty, probability or impossibility

We use modal verbs to say how sure we are about something.

Modal of deduction:	Se usa cuando:
Must	Se tiene seguridad de que lo dicho es cierto.
Might, May, Could	No se sabe en realidad si lo dicho es cierto  (Pero es posible).
Can’t	Se está casi seguro de que lo dicho NO es posible.

➽ Must.

We use must when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence.

• He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. We don’t know where he lives but we’re sure it’s not far away.
• Come inside and get warm – you must be freezing out there.
• You’re a zookeeper? That must be very interesting.

Notice that must is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

➽ Might, May, Could

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we’re not sure.

• Did you hear that? I think there might be a burglar downstairs. She’s not sure there’s a burglar but she thinks it’s possible.
• We’ll try to get there early but we may arrive late if there’s a lot of traffic.
• Don’t put it up there. It could fall off and hit someone.

Might, may and could are also followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

➽ Can’t

We use can’t when we feel sure something is not true.

• It can’t be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. He doesn’t know it’s not a burglar but he feels sure it’s not.
• It can’t be far away now. We’ve been driving for hours. Where’s the map?
• Really? He has to work on Christmas Day? He can’t feel very happy about that.

Like the other verbs, can’t is followed by an infinitive without ‘to’.

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